25 january revolution essay
It is these contests of meaning and their manifestations in political action that helped create the bitter polarization leading to the ousting of Morsi. People were galvanized by the sight. All the more so because the things that caused the revolutionary uprising continue to exist and are now coupled with the accumulated injustices visited on the Egyptians over the past four years. The Egyptian protesters' grievances focused on legal and political issues, [25] including police brutality , state-of-emergency laws, [1] lack of political freedom, civil liberty, freedom of speech , corruption, [2] high unemployment, food-price inflation [3] and low wages. This is not to imply that specific demands are absent; on the contrary, revolutionary forces acknowledge that social justice encompasses the normative elements of redistributive social welfare such as access to healthcare and education, the right to employment, and reduced costs of living for the poor. Though protestors from across the political spectrum used the same slogans during the 18 days of collective action in , thereby giving the impression of a unified movement, the demands they embodied were not understood in the same way. Retrieved Movement leaders thus aimed for a much larger event on January 25 th , hoping to mobilize , protestors Ghonim, — but expecting far fewer. Archived from the original PDF on 14 November Retrieved 30 January New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved 5 March The concept of the power in numbers is important, because it encouraged people who had no experience in demonstrating to actually go out on the streets on January Morsi also issued a temporary presidential decree that raised his decisions over judicial review to enable the passing of the constitution. Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamism, while the Muslim Brotherhood supported Morsi.
As such, the question of redistributive social welfare was not only a source of discursive contestation but also carved out domains for oppositional action. On 30 June , marking the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration as president, millions of Egyptians protested against him, demanding he step down from office. In the wake of the revolution, and with the re-establishment of sectorial autonomy, ideational differences regarding the overthrow of the regime and the call for social justice came into full force and played out in important political battles between sectors — reaching their climax with the ousting of the Muslim Brotherhood from power. Academy of Political Science.
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South Africa. Middle East Online. Opposition groups planned a day of revolt for 25 January, coinciding with National Police Day , to protest police brutality in front of the Ministry of Interior. In contrast to what is taught in Egyptian schools, we did not revolt only against foreign invaders, be they French or British. The demands and goals of the Egyptian revolution were points of contention themselves, tracing sharp dividing lines between different groups and influencing their individual maneuvers within the political sphere.
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The next day, the Muslim Brotherhood announced that it would form a political party, the Freedom and Justice Party led by Saad Ketatni, for the upcoming parliamentary election. Mohammed Farouq Mohammed, who is a lawyer, also set himself afire in front of the parliament to protest his ex-wife, who did not allow him to see his daughters. Archived from the original on 14 September Founder and first emir of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad , he was implicated in the 6 October assassination of Anwar Sadat.
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He also gives an insider's account of what he experienced during the protests — when Egyptian security authorities locked him in a basement jail cell — and then what it was like after the departure of President Hosni Mubarak. The defenders of a democratic state have to learn from the mistakes of the past, and must above all re-form, eliminating any weaknesses and continuing to work on the structure of their party and organisation, even if the current regime is doing all it can to get the public realm entirely under its control and thwart all other forms of political work. She studied journalism at the University of Cairo and worked at "Akhbar al-Adab", one of the most important literary magazines in Egypt until August
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A peculiar personal experience drew me from being another Egyptian protesting in Tahrir Square in Cairo to the state historian of the Egyptian revolution.
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By then it was too late. Suleiman offered reforms, while others in Mubarak's regime accused foreign nations including the U. For the members of April 6 th and We Are All Khaled Said, the use of a socio-economic collective action frame was paramount, as they were keenly aware that a purely political message would not motivate the disenfranchised Egyptian masses. Amazon iBooks Independent Booksellers.
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